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一 |     Israel has blamed Palestinian Islamic Jihad for a deadly blast at a hospital in Gaza City Tuesday night.Hundreds of people were reported killed in the explosion at al-Ahli Hospital in Gaza City, which the Israel Defense Forces said was caused by a failed rocket launch by the group. Two U.S. officials also told ABC News the Pentagon independently concluded the blast was likely caused by an errant Palestinian Islamic Jihad rocket that fell short of its target.Palestinian officials meanwhile are claiming it was the result of an Israeli airstrike.Like Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad is a Gaza militant group involved in the conflict and has claimed to have taken Israelis hostages. Here's what to know about the group.

What is Islamic Jihad?

Palestinian Islamic Jihad was formed in the 1980s in response to Israel's occupation of Gaza. The radical Islamist movement was founded by Palestinian Fathi Shaqaqi, who was assassinated in 1995, and inspired by the Iranian revolution.Since its founding, the armed group has grown to be the second-largest militant group in the Gaza Strip and receives support from Iran, Syria and the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah, according to the U.S. government's National Counterterrorism Center.The group is "committed to the destruction of Israel," and its military wing, al-Quds Brigades, "has been responsible for many attacks on Israeli targets since the 1990s," the National Counterterrorism Center said.

Islamic Jihad vs. Hamas

Both Islamic Jihad and Hamas are militant groups operating in Gaza that are united in their resistance against Israel. Both are also funded by and have close ties to Iran, though function independently, according to the Council on Foreign Relations, a New York City-based independent think tank.Like Hamas, Islamic Jihad has been designated a foreign terrorist organization by the U.S. and the European Union. Islamic Jihad, the smaller of the two, is considered to be more extreme and is singularly devoted to fighting Israel, while Hamas also has sociopolitical functions as the governing body of Gaza.Islamic Jihad's popularity has declined in Gaza over its military confrontations and past failed rocket launches, which have resulted in Palestinian casualties, according to the Middle East Institute, a Washington, D.C.-based non-partisan think tank. At the same time, its profile in the West Bank has risen, "in part for attempting to link Gaza to the West Bank but also for its willingness to stand up to Israel, despite taking severe hits," the institute said last year.。    本文来自微信公众号: 经济观察报 (ID:eeo-com-cn),作者:熊丙奇                    贯通式培养是当前中考框架的培养模式改革,只能起到有限的作用,学生(家长)可根据自身情况,选择贯通培养;要扭转基础教育的应试化,需要把均衡化从义务教育推进到高中教育,并在高中教育中推进普职融通。                   封图:图虫创意                    近日,上海市教委印发《上海市普通高中高质量发展实施方案》,其中包括试点长学制贯通培养模式。成都市教育局近期也公布了一项改革,自2025年起,探索开展小初高12年贯通式与初高中贯通式培养改革试点,首批参与试点的学校共8所。                   此番消息在网络上引起热议和猜测,其中包括“是否要取消中考”“初高中是不是要合并”等。对此,10月22日,上海市教委与成都市教育局都“辟谣”表示,这是落实“优化高中教育资源配置布局和育人方式改革国家战略”的具体举措之一。                   所谓的“取消中考”,不过是博流量的炒作。

二 | 之所以引起舆论关注,是因为“取消中考”是很多家长一直以来的呼声,他们希望能成为现实。但从高中阶段教育的现实看,推进贯通培养改革,只是对中考的有限改革。要取消中考,减轻义务教育阶段学生的升学压力和家长的焦虑,需要在实现高中普及化后,推进高中多样化、均衡化发展。                   上海和成都两地的贯通式培养,都只是少数学校试点。成都已经公布了试点的8所学校,从这8所学校的办学看,属于当地中等层次的普高。

三 | 选择中等层次的普高进行贯通培养,是有良苦用心的。因为如果选择当地的优质高中、顶尖高中贯通培养,就很可能变为这些高中“掐尖”,家长会争着让孩子进入顶尖高中的贯通班,进一步刺激升学竞争。

四 |                    正是因为如此,成都设计的贯通培养,试点范围并不大,由学生自主申请,不进行考试选拔,报名人数超过招生计划则进行摇号录取。

五 | 在求学过程中,贯通班的学生还可以申请退出,但“只出不进”。

六 | 试点这样的贯通培养,对选择贯通班的学生来说,相当于有了进普高的保底,贯通班可以进行小初高一体化培养,关注学生的综合素质。

七 | 但这并不会影响整体中考格局,大部分初中毕业生还将参加中考。

八 | 选择贯通班的学生,如果想报考更好的普高,也可能退出贯通班。                   不少人希望贯通培养模式能扩大,这样就可以让更多学生不参加中考了。但这是受到现实局限的。

九 | 扩大贯通培养及取消中考的难点都在于,除了高中阶段实行普职分流外,我国普通高中体系内仍存在事实上的等级差异,诸如超级高中、示范性高中、特色高中等多种类型,其资源配置和升学前景差异显著。                   高中阶段的普职分流受到关注,但很快就不再是问题。我国的普职比已经超过7:3,不久将达到8:2。按照出生人口变化与普高办学规模,到2034年,我国所有适龄学生都可以上普高(如果不强制保留中职的话),实现普及普高。但普及普高就意味着取消中考吗?并不是,如果普高存在不同的等级,怎么取消中考?我国义务教育均衡化已经推进了20多年,迄今还有“幼升小”“小升初”择校热,何况高中本就设有重点高中、示范高中。拿北京来说,取消中考,用摇号方式进人大附中吗?                    这就需要调整高中阶段教育发展战略。切实推进高中阶段教育多样化、均衡化发展,适时取消重点高中制度,这是进入教育普及化时代的必然选择。耐人寻味的是,很多人呼吁取消中考,但又反对取消重点高中制度,那么,怎么实现取消中考,减轻学生考试压力的目标?难道让每所重点高中都实行贯通培养吗?这不是让“幼升小”择校热更热吗?                    另外,在高中普及化时代,发展中职教育的思维也应调整,不是采取单设职业学校的方式,而是把职业教育融入到普通高中,建设融普高课程与技职课程于一体的综合高中。综合高中是比普高更高水平的高中,一是开设课程更多,二是实行学分制教学,由学生自主选择普高与技职课程。办好高水平综合高中,关键在于要重视技职课程建设,并给选择技职课程的学生平等的升学选择。这也是美国、加拿大、英国的高中教育方式,由于所有高中都是综合高中,且高中均衡发展,因此不存在中考的问题,所有学生都免试进入高中阶段学习。                   简言之,贯通式培养是当前中考框架的培养模式改革,只能起到有限的作用,学生(家长)可根据自身情况,选择贯通培养;要扭转基础教育的应试化,需要把均衡化从义务教育推进到高中教育,并在高中教育中推进普职融通。

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